Approaches of Translation....

In a method of translating a text described by a first language into a text described by a second language, words/idioms appearing in the first language text are managed as data sorted in accordance with a predetermined order, in such a manner that individual identification numbers are provided to the words/idioms in accordance with the predetermined order of sorting while the same identification number is provided to the same word/idiom. Then, the identification numbers as well as character strings of the second language corresponding to the words/idioms of the first language are used to generate the second language text in which the identification numbers for the words/idioms of the first language corresponding to the character strings of the second language are added ahead of the respective character strings of the second language. When it is desired to replace some of the character strings in the second language text in editing the second language text, the incorporation of the identification numbers into the second language text makes it possible to check the matching in the first language text by means of the identification numbers, thereby preventing unnecessary or undesired replacement which may be produced if the edition is made on the basis of only the matching of the character strings in the second language text.

Basically, there are EIGHT method of translation:

1. Literal translation 

this process is when the translator translating a source language into target language word-by-word without in need to follow any grammatical rules.


2. Borrowing 

The process of taking words from the source language into target language by retaining the absolute meaning and the way it's pronounced.

Example; 'record' (source language) into 'rekod' (target language).

3. Transference 

The word / phrase from source language is transferred into target language but still remain its structure without any changes.

Example; 'orang utan' (source language) into 'orang utan' (target language)

4. Oblique 

The combination of all the approaches for there are words that cannot be translated using all these approaches, hence, we use oblique.


5. Calque 

One language is transferred into another language by a literal translation of each of the individual elements.


6. Transposition 

when translate source language to target language by using nearest approaches to come across same meaning.

7. Modulation 

Translated by using the competence and understanding of the translator. But, the meaning of the word is still the same.

8. Adaptation 

The text is rewritten considering the sources language culture which is converted to target language culture. Take the word 'equivalence' which means 'perumpamaan'. Part of words commonly used in this method are 'bak', 'bagai', 'seperti', etc. So, we can say this method is most used in idioms and proverbs.